The COVID-19 pandemic is unlikely to end until there is global roll-out of vaccines that
protect against severe disease and preferably drive herd immunity. Regulators in numerous …

BACKGROUND: Public health interventions that prevent mortality and morbidity have greatly
increased over the past decade. Immunization is one of these preventive interventions, with …

Since 2000, access to antiretroviral drugs to treat HIV infection has dramatically increased to
reach more than five million people in develo** countries. Essential to this achievement …

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine development and manufacturing have
proceeded at a historically unprecedented pace. This speed may be accounted for by the …

Throughout history and in every part of the world, innovation in agriculture has played
crucial roles in economic development by increasing farm productivity, enhancing the …

Innovation inducement prizes have been used for centuries. In the U nited S tates, a recent
federal policy change—the A merica COMPETES R eauthorization A ct of 2010—clarified …

Background: Pneumococcus is a leading cause of childhood pneumonia worldwide.
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) have demonstrated efficacy against childhood …

This chapter describes the market for pharmaceuticals, which exceeded $500 million in
sales in 2010. The industry is also characterized by extensive regulation of almost every …

Background After more than 25 years, public health programs have not been able to
sufficiently reduce the number of new HIV infections. Over 7,000 people become infected …

Policies and Incentives to promote innovation in antibiotic research Page 1 Policies and
incentives for promoting innovation in antibiotic research Elias Mossialos & Chantal Morel …