ABSTRACT Introduction The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused
devastating human and economic costs. Vaccination is an important step in controlling the …

Abstract The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant harbors more than 30 mutations in its spike (S)
protein. Circulating Omicron subvariants, particularly BA5 and other variants of concern …

Abstract Although Omicron RBD of SARS-CoV-2 accumulates many mutations, the
backbone region (truncated RBD) of spike protein is highly conserved. Here, we designed …

Three highly pathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs), SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV,
belonging to the genus beta-CoV, have caused outbreaks or pandemics. SARS-CoV-2 has …

The wild-type SARS-CoV-2 Spike-based vaccines authorized so far have reduced COVID-
19 severity, but periodic boosts are required to counteract the decline in immunity. An …

The variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are more
transmissible, with a reduced sensitivity to vaccines targeting the original virus strain …

SARS-CoV-2 spike–based vaccines are used to control the COVID-19 pandemic. However,
emerging variants have become resistant to antibody neutralization and further mutations …

SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) have shown resistance to vaccines targeting the
original virus strain. An mRNA vaccine encoding the spike protein of Omicron BA1 (BA1-S …

Mucosal COVID-19 vaccines are needed to block SARS-CoV-2 infection at the mucosal site.
Intranasal delivery of a glycosylated Delta variant receptor-binding domain (Delta-RBD) …

The receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is the main target of
neutralizing antibodies. Although they are infrequently elicited during infection or …