BACKGROUND Although thermal expansion of seawater and melting of mountain glaciers
have dominated global mean sea level (GMSL) rise over the last century, mass loss from the …

Biotic interactions drive key ecological and evolutionary processes and mediate ecosystem
responses to climate change. The direction, frequency, and intensity of biotic interactions …

Climate changes across the past 24,000 years provide key insights into Earth system
responses to external forcing. Climate model simulations, and proxy data,,,,–have …

Late Pleistocene sea level has been reconstructed from ocean sediment core data using a
wide variety of proxies and models. However, the accuracy of individual reconstructions is …

BACKGROUND Effects of recent global warming have been documented in every biome on
Earth. Safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services against future impacts requires …

The covariation of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and temperature in Antarctic ice-core
records suggests a close link between CO2 and climate during the Pleistocene ice ages …

“Space-for-time” substitution is widely used in biodiversity modeling to infer past or future
trajectories of ecological systems from contemporary spatial patterns. However, the …

The injection of sulfur into the stratosphere by volcanic eruptions is the dominant driver of
natural climate variability on interannual-to-multidecadal timescales. Based on a set of …

Abrupt changes in climate have occurred in many locations around the globe over the last
glacial cycle, with pronounced temperature swings on timescales of decades or less in the …

Abstract The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is one of the most sensitive areas to global climate
changes. Quantitative paleotemperature reconstructions on the TP since the Last …