▪ Abstract Bees are generally regarded as beneficial insects for their role in pollination, and
in the case of the honeybee Apis mellifera, for production of honey. As a result several bee …

Not all floral visitors attracted to flowers are pollinators. Instead, some visitors circumvent the
floral opening, usually removing nectar without contacting the anthers and/or stigma. Here …

Bumblebees are familiar and charismatic insects, occurring throughout much of the world.
They are increasingly being used as a model organism for studying a wide range of …

The news that a flowering weed—mousear cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)—can sense the
particular chewing noise of its most common caterpillar predator and adjust its chemical …

We examined the effects of the patch size of catnip, Nepeta cataria, on pollinator visitation
rates and pollinator limitation. The most important floral visitors were honey bees (Apis …

Nectar robbers are birds, insects, or other flower visitors that remove nectar from flowers
through a hole pierced or bitten in the corolla. This paper is a review of the effects of nectar …

Flowers and the organs that compose them fulfill a number of ecological functions over their
lifetimes he remarkable diversity of flowers has a profound impact on humankind. Flower …

Most textbook treatments imply, and almost all theoretical analyses assume, that mutualistic
interactions take place between a single pair of interacting partner species. A major goal of …

Colony foraging activity of four Melipona species (Apidae: Meliponinae, tribe Meliponini)
was studied during the dry season, when many plants flower in central Panama. The …

That hummingbird-pollinated plants predominantly have red flowers has been known for
decades, but well-investigated research studies are still rare. Preference tests have shown …