This article provides an overview and guide to implementing item response theory (IRT)
measurement equivalence (ME) or differential item functioning (DIF) analysis. We (a) …

Most psychological measurement models assume a monotonically increasing relation
between the latent trait and the probability of responding. These models have historically …

The global popularity of emotional intelligence (EI) makes understanding its measurement
equivalence across cultures an important issue. Although previous research examining the …

The importance of intermediate items has been overlooked since the emergence of
dominance-based Likert-type scales. The current study aims to advance our understanding …

Although modern item response theory (IRT) methods of test construction and scoring have
overcome ipsativity problems historically associated with multidimensional forced choice …

Partial credit trees (PCtree) from the model-based recursive partitioning framework combine
the partial credit measurement model for polytomous items with decision trees from machine …

Several marginal effect size (ES) statistics suitable for quantifying the magnitude of
differential item functioning (DIF) have been proposed in the area of item response theory; …

Evaluations of measurement invariance provide essential construct validity evidence—a
prerequisite for seeking meaning in psychological and educational research and ensuring …

Ideal-point processes assume that individuals engage in introspective comparisons when
responding to self-reported typical traits such as personality, affect, and attitudes. Although …

Rater‐mediated assessments exhibit scoring challenges due to the involvement of human
raters. The quality of human ratings largely determines the reliability, validity, and fairness of …