Insulin plays a range of roles as an anabolic hormone in peripheral tissues. It regulates
glucose metabolism, stimulates glucose transport into cells and suppresses hepatic glucose …

Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its target organ injuries cause distressing impacts on
personal health and put an enormous burden on the healthcare system, and increasing …

Background: This narrative review presents the association between metabolic syndrome
(MetS), along with its components, and cognition-related disorders, as well as the potential …

A thorough understanding of the mechanisms controlling energy homeostasis is needed to
prevent and treat metabolic morbidities. While the contribution of organs such as the liver …

Brain insulin resistance links the failure of energy metabolism with cognitive decline in both
type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), although the molecular …

The gut microbiota plays crucial roles in maintaining the health and homeostasis of its host
throughout lifespan, including through its ability to impact brain function and regulate …

Insulin and leptin are classically regarded as peptide hormones that play key roles in
metabolism. In actuality, they serve several functions in both the periphery and central …

Alarming statistics show that the number of people affected by excessive weight has
surpassed 2 billion, representing approximately 30% of the world's population. The aim of …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays important roles in protein synthesis, protein folding and
modification, lipid biosynthesis, calcium storage, and detoxification. ER homeostasis is …

Statement of Retraction We, the Editors and Publisher of Postgraduate Medicine, have
retracted the following article: Albar NY, Hassaballa H, Shikh H et al. The interaction …