According to prominent models in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and economics,
effort (be it physical or mental) is costly: when given a choice, humans and non-human …

Often seen as the paragon of higher cognition, here we suggest that cognitive control is
dependent on emotion. Rather than asking whether control is influenced by emotion, we ask …

Emotional arousal enhances perception and memory of high-priority information but impairs
processing of other information. Here, we propose that, under arousal, local glutamate levels …

Evidence from imaging and anatomical studies suggests that the midcingulate cortex (MCC)
is a dynamic hub lying at the interface of affect and cognition. In particular, this neural system …

Influential theories in psychology, neuroscience, and economics assume that the exertion of
mental effort should feel aversive. Yet, this assumption is usually untested, and it is …

Conflict-monitoring theory proposes that conflict between incompatible responses is
registered by a dedicated monitoring system, and that this conflict signal triggers changes of …

Cognitive control is subjectively costly, suggesting that engagement is modulated in
relationship to incentive state. Dopamine appears to play key roles. In particular, dopamine …

This paper aims to integrate some key constructs in the cognitive neuroscience of cognitive
control and executive function by formalising the notion of cognitive (or mental) effort in …

Instrumental learning involves corticostriatal circuitry and the dopaminergic system. This
system is typically modeled in the reinforcement learning (RL) framework by incrementally …

The congruency sequence effect (CSE) describes the finding that congruency effects in
classic probes of selective attention (like the Stroop, Simon, and flanker tasks) are smaller …