CD28 and CTLA-4 are members of a family of immunoglobulin-related receptors that are
responsible for various aspects of T-cell immune regulation. The family includes CD28 …

Intercellular communication mediated by cytokines is the main mechanism by which cells of
the immune system talk to each other. Many aspects of cytokine signalling in the immune …

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that lack antigen-specific rearranged
receptors, a hallmark of adaptive lymphocytes. In some people infected with human …

The T cell protein cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) was identified as a crucial
negative regulator of the immune system over 15 years ago, but its mechanisms of action …

Recent work shows that after stimulation with antigen, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells embark on a
programme of proliferation that is closely linked with the acquisition of effector functions and …

T cells are critical in orchestrating protective immune responses to cancer and an array of
pathogens. The interaction between a peptide MHC (pMHC) complex on antigen presenting …

Proliferation of Ag-specific T cells is central to the development of protective immunity. The
concomitant stimulation of the TCR and CD28 programs resting T cells to IL-2-driven clonal …

Heterogeneity is a hallmark feature of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates. Following
infection, naive T cells differentiate into various subsets of effector and memory T cells …

This protocol outlines the carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) method for
following the proliferation of human lymphocytes in vitro and mouse lymphocytes both in …

Peripheral T cell populations are maintained by production of naive T cells in the thymus,
clonal expansion of activated cells, cellular self-renewal (or homeostatic proliferation), and …