The modern agricultural system has issues with the reduction of agricultural productivity due
to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stresses. It is also expected that in the future the entire …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are essential for life and are involved in the regulation of
almost all biological processes. ROS production is critical for plant development, response …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals work to maintain homeostasis in the body,
but their excessive production causes damage to the organism. The human body is …

Current technologies have changed biology into a data-intensive field and significantly
increased our understanding of signal transduction pathways in plants. However, global …

Based on the origin, we can classify different types of stress. Environmental factors, such as
high light intensity, adverse temperature, drought, or soil salinity, are summarized as abiotic …

As plants are sessile organisms that have to attune their physiology and morphology
continuously to varying environmental challenges in order to survive and reproduce, they …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are highly conserved signaling modules
downstream of receptors/sensors that transduce extracellular stimuli into intracellular …

Chloroplasts are important for photosynthesis and for plant immunity against microbial
pathogens. Here we identify a haustorium-specific protein (Pst_12806) from the wheat stripe …

Plants are constantly exposed to microorganisms in the environment and, as a result, have
evolved intricate mechanisms to recognize and defend themselves against potential …

Abstract Background Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) are beneficial microorganisms in
soil-plant interactions; however, the underlying mechanisms regarding their roles in …