Abstract Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a member of the TLR family, mediating the
transcriptional induction of type I interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, and …

Flaviviruses, such as dengue, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile,
yellow fever, and Zika viruses, are critically important human pathogens that sicken a …

Since its initial isolation in Uganda in 1937 through the present, West Nile virus (WNV) has
become an important cause of human and animal disease worldwide. WNV, an enveloped …

Flaviviruses are emerging arthropod-borne viruses representing an immense global health
problem. The prominent viruses of this group include dengue virus, yellow fever virus …

The flavivirus nonstructural glycoprotein NS1 is an enigmatic protein whose structure and
mechanistic function have remained somewhat elusive ever since it was first reported in …

West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging neurotropic flavivirus that is transmitted to humans
through the bite of an infected mosquito. WNV has disseminated broadly in the Western …

Flaviviruses, the human pathogens responsible for dengue fever, West Nile fever, tick-borne
encephalitis, and yellow fever, are endemic in tropical and temperate parts of the world. The …

The expression of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) by immune and tissue cells provides
the host with the ability to detect and respond to infection by viruses and other …

Types of Cell Culture Media Animal cells can be cultured either using a completely natural
medium or an artificial/synthetic medium along with some natural products. Natural Media …

The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors plays a central part in the host
response to infection by microbial pathogens, by orchestrating the innate and acquired host …