Seismic images of Earth's interior reveal two massive anomalous zones at the base of the
mantle, above the core, where seismic waves travel slowly. The mantle materials that …

The concentration and distribution of water in the Earth has influenced its evolution
throughout its history. Even at the trace levels contained in the planet's deep interior (mantle …

The rotation of the Earth or Earth rotation, respectively, specifies the spatiotemporal change
of the Earth rotation vector. The direction of the Earth rotation vector corresponds to the …

Observations of seismic anisotropy yield some of the most direct constraints available on
both past and present-day deformation in the Earth's mantle. Insight into the character of …

Seismic tomography reveals 2 extensive regions in the lowermost mantle, beneath Africa
and the Pacific, that exhibit lower-than-average seismic wave speeds. These regions have …

Interrogating physical processes that occur within the lowermost mantle is a key to
understanding Earth's evolution and present-day inner composition. Among such processes …

ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY Provides a thorough and up-to-date overview of radiogenic and
stable isotope geochemistry Now in its second edition, Isotope Geochemistry presents a …

Plate tectonics shapes Earth's surface, and is linked to motions within its deep interior,. Cold
oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantle, and hot mantle plumes rise from the deep Earth …

Earth's lower mantle is dominated by a pair of antipodal large low shear velocity provinces
(LLSVPs) that reach> 1000km up from the core–mantle boundary (CMB). These are …

The composition of the lower mantle—comprising 56% of Earth's volume—remains poorly
constrained. Among the major elements, Mg/Si ratios ranging from∼ 0.9–1.1, such as in …