Plaguing humans for more than two millennia, manifest on every continent studied, and with
more than one billion patients having an attack in any year, migraine stands as the sixth …

Migraine and sleep disorders are common and often burdensome chronic conditions with a
high prevalence in the general population, and with considerable socio-economic impact …

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Sleep-induced apnea and disordered breathing refers to intermittent, cyclical cessations or
reductions of airflow, with or without obstructions of the upper airway (OSA). In the presence …

Frequently disrupted and restricted sleep is a common problem for many people in our
modern around-the-clock society. In this context, it is an important question how sleep loss …

Orexins, also known as hypocretins, are two neuropeptides secreted from orexin-containing
neurons, mainly in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Orexins orchestrate their effects by …

Although maintained by multiple arousal systems, wakefulness falters if orexin (hypocretin),
orexin receptors, or orexin neurons are deficient; narcolepsy results with hypersomnolence …

Virtually every eukaryotic cell has an endogenous circadian clock and a biological sex.
These cell-based clocks have been conceptualized as oscillators whose phase can be reset …

Micropipette recording with juxtacellular Neurobiotin ejection, linked micropipette-microwire
recording, and antidromic and orthodromic activation from the ventral tegmental area and …

Narcolepsy-cataplexy, a neurological disorder associated with the absence of hypothalamic
orexin (hypocretin) neuropeptides, consists of two underlying problems: inability to maintain …