The transformative success of antibodies targeting the PD-1 (programmed death 1)/B7-H1
(B7 homolog 1) pathway (anti-PD therapy) has revolutionized cancer treatment. However …

Interleukin-10 (IL-10), first recognized for its ability to inhibit activation and effector function of
T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, is a multifunctional cytokine with diverse effects on …

Abstract Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) coordinates a diverse array of cellular programs through
transcriptional regulation of immunologically relevant genes. This article reviews the current …

CD4+ T cells producing interleukin 17 (IL-17) are associated with autoimmunity, although
the precise mechanisms that control their development are undefined. Here we present data …

In terms of both phenotype and function, macrophages have remarkable heterogeneity,
which reflects the specialization of tissue-resident macrophages in microenvironments as …

Lymphocytes were originally thought to form the basis of a 'cancer immunosurveillance'
process that protects immunocompetent hosts against primary tumour development,, but this …

STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription) are a family of latent cytoplasmic
proteins that are activated to participate in gene control when cells encounter various …

Cytokines are involved in intestinal homeostasis and pathological processes associated
with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The biological effects of cytokines, including several …

Interferons play key roles in mediating antiviral and antigrowth responses and in modulating
immune response. The main signaling pathways are rapid and direct. They involve tyrosine …

Extracellular proteins bound to cell-surface receptors can change nuclear gene expression
patterns in minutes, with far-reaching consequences for development, cell growth and …