Cytokines have long been considered promising cancer immunotherapy agents due to their
endogenous role in activating and proliferating lymphocytes. However, since the initial FDA …

Recent years have seen a remarkable growth in the field of protein-based medical
treatments. Nevertheless, concerns have arisen regarding the cytotoxicity limitations, low …

Effective antitumor immunity in mice requires activation of the type I interferon (IFN)
response pathway. IFNα and IFNβ therapies have proven promising in humans, but suffer …

Immunotherapies modulate the body's defense system to treat cancer. While these therapies
have shown efficacy against multiple types of cancer, patient response rates are limited, and …

Highlights•Cytokines are key regulators of immunity in health and disease.•Biologics that
antagonize or agonize cytokine signaling are used to treat diseases.•A challenge for …

There is an increasing number of immune-checkpoint inhibitors being developed and
approved for cancer immunotherapy. Most of the new therapies aim to reactivate tumour …

Background The programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1)/programmed death receptor
ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis critically facilitates cancer cells' immune evasion. Antibody …

Pembrolizumab, a therapeutic antibody targeting PD-1, has shown great potential in treating
various cancers, even giving durable responses for some patients. However, only a fraction …