Due to the key role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the pathogenesis of
immunoinflammatory diseases, TNF-α inhibitors have been successfully developed and …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common immune mediated inflammatory
diseases. People with rheumatoid arthritis present with pain, swelling, and stiffness that …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease leading to joint destruction.
Cytokines play a key role in its pathogenesis. They contribute to the induction and …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a potent pro-inflammatory and pathological cytokines in
inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases. Anti …

Abstract Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only licenced tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, but
has limited efficacy against pulmonary TB disease development and modest protection …

Immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis are only partially effective; they drive the
bacteria into a latent state, but rarely eliminate them. Unfortunately, the latent state of M …

Transmembrane TNF-α, a precursor of the soluble form of TNF-α, is expressed on activated
macrophages and lymphocytes as well as other cell types. After processing by TNF-α …

Background The risk of tuberculosis (TB) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is thought
to be increased following anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy, with a proposed …

Anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) monoclonal antibodies or soluble TNF receptors have
become an invaluable treatment against chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid …

Background The present review is part of the ESCMID Study Group for Infections in
Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) Consensus Document on the safety of targeted and …