Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin condition that has traditionally been
considered a paradigmatic type 2 immunity (T2)‐driven disease. Interleukin (IL)‐4 and IL‐13 …

Tissue damage and inflammation are important triggers for regeneration and fibrosis. Tissue
damage not only induces inflammation in general, it also determines the type and …

The structurally and functionally related interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and IL‐13 cytokines play pivotal
roles in sha** immune activity. The IL‐4/IL‐13 axis is best known for its critical role in T …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic musculoskeletal disorder characterized by an imbalance
between (synthesis) and catabolism (degradation) in altered homeostasis of articular …

Type 2 immune responses are defined by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-
13, which can either be host protective or have pathogenic activity. Type 2 immunity …

The concept of an alternative pathway of macrophage activation has stimulated interest in its
definition, mechanism, and functional significance in homeostasis and disease. We assess …

Pulmonary fibrosis is a highly heterogeneous and lethal pathological process with limited
therapeutic options. Although research on the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis has …

Approximately 5–10% of asthmatic patients worldwide suffer from severe asthma.
Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that IL-13 is an important cytokine in …

The macrophage, a versatile cell type prominently involved in host defense and immunity,
assumes a distinct state of alternative activation in the context of polarized type 2 immune …

Advancing our understanding of mechanisms of immune regulation in allergy, asthma,
autoimmune diseases, tumor development, organ transplantation, and chronic infections …