Present global warming is amplified in the Arctic and accompanied by unprecedented sea
ice decline. Located along the main pathway of Atlantic Water entering the Arctic, the …

The Arctic plays a fundamental role in the climate system and has shown significant climate
change in recent decades, including the Arctic warming and decline of Arctic sea-ice extent …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

The Arctic has seen rapid sea-ice decline in the past three decades, whilst warming at about
twice the global average rate. Yet the relationship between Arctic warming and sea-ice loss …

Recent rapid Arctic sea ice loss was documented as combined results from anthropogenic
forcing and climate system internal variability. However, the role of internal variability is not …

The recent Arctic winter sea ice retreat is most pronounced in the Barents Sea. Using
available observations of the Atlantic inflow to the Barents Sea and results from a regional …

The recent overall Northern Hemisphere warming was accompanied by several severe
northern continental winters, as for example, extremely cold winter 2005–2006 in Europe …

The satellite record since 1979 shows downward trends in Arctic sea ice extent in all
months, which are smallest in winter and largest in September. Previous studies have linked …

The dramatic decline in Arctic summer sea‐ice cover is a compelling indicator of change in
the global climate system and has been attributed to a combination of natural and …

The last two decades have seen a dramatic decline and strong year-to-year variability in
Arctic winter sea ice, especially in the Barents-Kara Sea (BKS), changes that have been …