Analogous to other physiological systems, the immune system also demonstrates
remarkable sex differences. Although the reasons for sex differences in immune responses …

Neuroinflammation is a physiological protective response in the context of infection and
injury. However, neuroinflammation, especially if chronic, may also drive …

The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) involves complex interactions between genetic
susceptibility and environmental triggers. Clinical observations suggest that the study of sex …

Multiple sclerosis patients who become pregnant experience a significant decrease in
relapses that may be mediated by a shift in immune responses from T helper 1 to T helper 2 …

Estrogens have been shown to modulate immune responses. Several studies have
demonstrated the capacity of T cells, B cells, and monocytes to respond to estrogens and …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease characterized by inflammation and demyelination.
Currently, the cause of MS is unknown. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) …

To date, scientific research has often focused on one sex, with assumptions that study of the
other sex would yield similar results. However, many diseases affect males and females …

Sixteen years ago, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology
approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled …

Estrogens are known modulators of monocyte/macrophage functions; however, the
underlying mechanism has not been clearly defined. Recently, a number of estrogen …

Women are more susceptible to a variety of autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis (MS), primary biliary cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis …