Two eukaryotic compartments are of endosymbiotic origin, the mitochondrion and plastid.
These organelles need to import hundreds of proteins from the cytosol. The import …

The conversion of free-living cyanobacteria to photosynthetic organelles of eukaryotic cells
through endosymbiosis transformed the biosphere and eventually provided the basis for life …

The primary endosymbiotic origin of the plastid in eukaryotes more than 1 billion years ago
led to the evolution of algae and plants. We analyzed draft genome and transcriptome data …

Diatoms contain a secondary plastid that derives from a red algal symbiont. This organelle is
limited by four membranes. The two outermost membranes are the chloroplast endoplasmic …

Filamentous cyanobacteria like Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 are able to develop a specialized
cell type named heterocyst from vegetative cells in times of nitrogen starvation. Heterocyst …

The majority of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from Gram-negative bacteria and many of
mitochondria and chloroplasts are β-barrels. Insertion and assembly of these proteins are …

The eukaryotic organelles mitochondrion and plastid originated from eubacterial
endosymbionts. Here we propose that, in both cases, prokaryote-to-organelle conversion …

Chromalveolates are a diverse group of protists that include many ecologically and
medically relevant organisms such as diatoms and apicomplexan parasites. They possess …

Secondary endosymbiosis—the merging of two eukaryotic cells into one photosynthetic
cellular unit—led to the evolution of ecologically and medically very important organisms …

Mitochondria and chloroplasts emerged from primary endosymbiosis. Most proteins of the
endosymbiont were subsequently expressed in the nucleo-cytosol of the host and organelle …