The innate immune pathway is receiving increasing attention in cancer therapy. This
pathway is ubiquitous across various cell types, not only in innate immune cells but also in …

Abstract The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine was discovered a century ago and
has since been clinically applicable. BCG can not only be used for the prevention of …

Bacterial infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Even with
the use of multiple antibiotic treatment strategies, 4.95 million people died from drug …

Trained immunity is a de facto memory for innate immune responses, leading to long-term
functional reprogramming of innate immune cells. In physiological conditions, trained …

Trained immunity is one of the mechanisms by which BCG vaccination confers persistent
nonspecific protection against diverse diseases. Genomic differences between the different …

Cancer vaccines hold great potential for clinical cancer treatment by eliciting T cell‐
mediated immunity. However, the limited numbers of antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) at the …

Cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has achieved unprecedented
success in cancer treatment; However, only a subset of patients achieved clinical benefit …

Innate immunity plays an important role not only during infection but also homeostatic role
during stress conditions. Activation of the immune system including innate immune response …

For nearly 50 years, immunotherapy has been used in patients with bladder cancer in the
form of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), which is still the first-line …

Background BCG is recommended as intravesical immunotherapy to reduce the risk of
tumor recurrence in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Currently, it …