To induce bone regeneration there is a complex cascade of growth factors. Growth factors
such as recombinant BMP-2, BMP-7, and PDGF are FDA-approved therapies in bone …

Bone grafting has over 100 years of successful clinical use. Despite the successes of
autograft bone transplantation, complications of bone grafting are significant, mostly at the …

Bone grafts are the second most common tissue transplanted in the United States, and they
are an essential treatment tool in the field of acute and reconstructive traumatic orthopaedic …

Bone grafts have been predominated used to treat bone defects, delayed union or non-
union, and spinal fusion in orthopaedic clinically for a period of time, despite the emergency …

Background Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been introduced as an alternative to
bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) for cell-based therapy. However, different …

Collagen type I is the main organic constituent of the bone extracellular matrix and has been
used for decades as scaffolding material in bone tissue engineering approaches when …

Critical size bone defects are frequently caused by accidental trauma, oncologic surgery,
and infection. Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a useful technique to promote the repair of …

Nonunion following a long bone fracture causes considerable morbidity when it occurs. Risk
factors depend on specific fractures but there is a complex interplay of injury severity …

Critical-sized bone defects are defined as those that will not heal spontaneously within a
patient's lifetime. Current treatment options include vascularized bone grafts, distraction …

Because of their excellent biologically active qualities, bioactive glasses (BGs) have been
extensively used in the biomedical domain, leading to better tissue–implant interactions and …