Covering: through 2014 Many organisms team up with microbes for defense against
predators, parasites, parasitoids, or pathogens. Here we review the described protective …

Microbes can be an important source of phenotypic plasticity in insects. Insect physiology,
behaviour, and ecology are influenced by individual variation in the microbial communities …

For over 300 million years, insects have relied on symbiotic microbes for nutrition and
defence. However, it is unclear whether specific ecological conditions have repeatedly …

Symbiotic microbes have become increasingly recognized to mediate interactions between
natural enemies and their hosts. The ecologies of these symbioses, however, are poorly …

Ecological specialization to restricted diet niches is driven by obligate, and often maternally
inherited, symbionts in many arthropod lineages. These heritable symbionts typically form …

In invertebrates, the cuticle is the first and major protective barrier against predators and
pathogen infections. While immune responses and behavioral defenses are also known to …

Facultative or" secondary" symbionts are common in eukaryotes, particularly insects. While
not essential for host survival, they often provide significant fitness benefits [1–5]. It has been …

Insects cope with environmental threats using a broad array of strategies. A key strategy,
widespread among insects but unappreciated until recently, is the use of molecular …

Endosymbiotic bacteria that live inside the cells of insects are typically only transmitted
maternally and can spread by increasing host fitness and/or modifying reproduction in …

Due to the high content of nutrient, sieve tubes are a primary target for pests, eg, most
phytophagous hemipteran. To protect the integrity of the sieve tubes as well as their content …