The stress systems are powerful mediators between the organism's systemic dynamic
equilibrium and changes in its environment beyond the level of anticipated fluctuations. Over …

Penguins face a wide range of threats. Most observed population changes have been
negative and have happened over the last 60 years. Today, populations of 11 penguin …

Consistent individual differences in behavior, commonly termed animal personality, are a
widespread phenomenon across taxa that have important consequences for fitness, natural …

Foraging site fidelity allows animals to increase their efficiency by returning to profitable
feeding areas. However, the mechanisms underpinning why animals 'stay'or 'switch'sites …

Prey distribution acts at multiple spatial scales to influence foraging success by predators.
The overall distribution of prey may shape foraging ranges, the distance between patches …

Simple Summary Penguins are a common zoo-housed species and have been shown to
display behaviours indicative of fear such as huddling, vigilance and avoidance towards zoo …

Alert distance (AD) and flight initiation distance (FID) are popular measures used to explore
the reaction of prey to approaching predators, and thus the economics underlying optimal …

The presence of humans within the natural environment is increasing worldwide. Assessing
the impact of such activities on wildlife is crucial for declining populations where human …

The world loves penguins. Their toddler-like, bipedal gait and general demeanor endear
them to humans. When watching them struggling across rocky shorelines with their stumpy …

Species that are constantly exposed to disturbances, such as human disturbance or non‐
lethal contacts with predators or conspecifics, can experience chronic stress. Within a …