All light has structure, but only recently has it been possible to control it in all its degrees of
freedom and dimensions, fuelling fundamental advances and applications alike. Here we …

Traditional optical lenses and the corresponding imaging systems, which are based on the
optical paths when light propagates inside the bulky media, usually suffer from the bulky …

The three-dimensional (3D) vectorial nature of electromagnetic waves of light has not only
played a fundamental role in science but also driven disruptive applications in optical …

The fundamental polarization singularities of monochromatic light are normally associated
with invariance under coordinated rotations: symmetry operations that rotate the spatial …

It is well known that azobenzene-containing polymers (azopolymers) are sensitive to the
polarization orientation of the illuminating radiation, with the resulting photoisomerization …

The generation of focused vector beams using metasurfaces is important for develo**
classical and quantum applications and exploring the exotic structures of light fields. In this …

Modern beam sha** techniques have enabled the generation of optical fields displaying a
wealth of structural features, which include three-dimensional topologies such as Möbius …

Knots and links have been conjectured to play a fundamental role in a wide range of
scientific fields. Recently, tying isolated vortex knots in the complex optical field has been …

Carrying orbital angular momentum per photon, the optical vortex has elicited widespread
interest. Here, we demonstrate that dual coaxial longitudinal polarization vortices can …

As the size of an optical vortex knot, imprinted in a coherent light beam, is decreased,
nonparaxial effects alter the structure of the knotted optical singularity. For knot structures …