The various non-standard schedules required of shift workers force abrupt changes in the
timing of sleep and light-dark exposure. These changes result in disturbances of the …

Availability of artificial light and light-emitting devices have altered human temporal life,
allowing 24-hour healthcare, commerce and production, and expanding social life around …

Human circadian, neuroendocrine, and neurobehavioral responses to light are mediated
primarily by melanopsin-containing intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells …

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been used to provide illumination in industrial and
commercial environments. LEDs are also used in TVs, computers, smart phones, and …

In the retina, photoreceptors pass visual information to interneurons, which process it and
pass it to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Axons of RGCs then travel through the optic nerve …

Light is a potent stimulus for regulating circadian, hormonal, and behavioral systems. In
addition, light therapy is effective for certain affective disorders, sleep problems, and …

Light has profoundly influenced the evolution of life on earth. As widely appreciated, light
enables us to generate images of our environment. However, light—through intrinsically …

Temporal organization of physiology is critical for human health. In the past, humans
experienced predictable periods of daily light and dark driven by the solar day, which …

The melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are
a relatively recently discovered class of atypical ganglion cell photoreceptor. These ipRGCs …

Mammals synchronize their circadian activity primarily to the cycles of light and darkness in
the environment. This is achieved by ocular photoreception relaying signals to the …