Permafrost temperatures have increased in polar and high-elevation regions, affecting the
climate system and the integrity of natural and built environments. In this Review, we outline …

Permafrost is a key element of the cryosphere and an essential climate variable in the
Global Climate Observing System. There is no remote-sensing method available to reliably …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Permafrost warming has the potential to amplify global climate change, because when
frozen sediments thaw it unlocks soil organic carbon. Yet to date, no globally consistent …

Under a warming climate, degrading permafrost profoundly and extensively affects arctic
and alpine ecology. However, most existing relevant studies are more focused on the …

Soil warming can directly affect the microbial community, or indirectly affect the microbial
community by affecting soil moisture, nutrient availability, vegetation growth, etc. However …

Gas hydrate, a frozen, naturally‐occurring, and highly‐concentrated form of methane,
sequesters significant carbon in the global system and is stable only over a range of low …

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has the largest areas of permafrost terrain in the mid-and low-
latitude regions of the world. Some permafrost distribution maps have been compiled but …

Climate change exacerbates permafrost thawing, resulting exceptionally intense
retrogressive thaw slump (RTS) activity in the Arctic and Third Pole. However, comparative …

Where present, permafrost exerts a primary control on water fluxes, flowpaths, and
distribution. Climate warming and related drivers of soil thermal change are expected to …