It seems puzzling why humans have evolved such a small and rigid birth canal that entails a
relatively complex process of labor compared with the birth canal of our closest relatives, the …

Objectives The narrow human birth canal evolved in response to multiple opposing selective
forces on the pelvis. These factors cannot be sufficiently disentangled in humans because of …

This special issue of The Anatomical Record is inspired by and dedicated to Professor
Kunwar P. Bhatnagar, whose lifelong interests in biology, and long career studying bats …

Sesamoids are skeletal elements found within a tendon or ligament as it passes around a
joint or bony prominence. Here we review the distribution of sesamoids in bats, the only …

Herein, we compared the developmental maturity of the cranium, limbs, and feeding
apparatus in a perinatal common vampire bat relative to its mother. In addition, we introduce …

The fishing bat Noctilio leporinus Linnaeus, 1758, represents a complex of subspecies with
a discontinuous lowland distribution in Central, South America and the Caribbean. Although …

The nasal capsule, as the most rostral part of the chondrocranium, is a critical point of
connection with the facial skeleton. Its fate may influence facial form, and the varied fates of …

Neomorphic, membrane-associated skeletal rods are found in disparate vertebrate lineages,
but their evolution is poorly understood. Here we show that one of these elements—the …

An integrative definition of sesamoid bones has been recently proposed, highlighting their
relationship with tendons and ligaments, their genetic origin, the influence of epigenetic …

Most morphological and physiological adaptations associated with bat flight are
concentrated in the postcranium, reflecting strong functional demands for flight performance …