Almost 50 years have passed from the first computer simulations of water, and a large
number of molecular models have been proposed since then to elucidate the unique …

▪ Abstract Water plays a central role in the structures and properties of biomolecules—
proteins, nucleic acids, and membranes—and in their interactions with ligands and drugs …

Two or more liquid states may exist even for single-component substances, which is known
as liquid polymorphism, and the transition between them is called liquid–liquid transition …

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Water and silicon are chemically dissimilar substances with common physical properties.
Their liquids display a temperature of maximum density, increased diffusivity on …

Water is a complex liquid that displays a surprising array of unusual properties, the most
famous being the density maximum at about 4° C. The origin of these anomalies is still a …

The three site-site partial structure factors for water have been measured as a function of
pressure, using neutron diffraction, at a temperature of 268 K. It is found that the measured …

Four scenarios have been proposed for the low-temperature phase behavior of liquid water,
each predicting different thermodynamics. The physical mechanism that leads to each is …

Small and large hydrophobic solutes exhibit remarkably different hydration thermodynamics.
Small solutes are accommodated in water with minor perturbations to water structure, and …

A new investigation of the structure of urea–water solutions at a mole ratio of 1 urea to 4
water molecules is described. Neutron diffraction is used in conjunction with isotope …