Cognitive effort has been implicated in numerous theories regarding normal and aberrant
behavior and the physiological response to engagement with demanding tasks. Yet, despite …

Delay discounting (DD), the tendency to prefer smaller, sooner rewards to larger, later ones,
is an important indicator of self-control. Assessments of DD superficially require individuals …

Psychologists and economists have examined the effect of cognitive load in a variety of
situations from risk taking to snack choice. We review previous experiments that have …

Acting in accord with long-term goals requires control of interfering impulses, the success of
which depends on several different processes. Using a structural-equation modeling …

Dual‐systems theories explain lapses in self‐control in terms of a conflict between automatic
and deliberative modes of behavioral control. Numerous studies have now tested whether …

Recently, there have been reviews focusing on the neurological underpinning of
intertemporal. This chapter talks about the psychological foundation of intertemporal …

This paper proposes a novel account of impatience: People pay more attention to the
opportunity costs of choosing larger, later rewards than to the opportunity costs of choosing …

Psychology is concerned with the factors that determine behavior. From the beginning of the
field, two broad influences on behavior have been seen as important: factors resulting in …

Although delay discounting, the attenuation of the value of future rewards, is a robust finding,
the mechanism of discounting is not known. We propose a potential mechanism for delay …

Intertemporal choices–decisions involving trade-offs of outcomes at different points in time–
are often made under stress. Stress activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) …