Integrating the effects of multiple stressors and predicting their consequences for the
species' survival and distribution is an important problem in ecological physiology. This …

In recent years, financial losses due to salinity changes threat bivalve industry. In natural
habitat, marine bivalves should be adapted to a series of environmental stressors, including …

Ocean and coastal ecosystems support life on Earth and many aspects of human well-being.
Covering two-thirds of the planet, the ocean hosts vast biodiversity and modulates the global …

Over the next century, elevated quantities of atmospheric CO 2 are expected to penetrate
into the oceans, causing a reduction in pH (− 0.3/− 0.4 pH unit in the surface ocean) and in …

Anthropogenic CO2 emitted to the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans, causing a
progressive increase in ocean inorganic carbon concentrations and resulting in decreased …

Urbanization and human-led development have increased more rapidly along shorelines
and in coastal watersheds than inland regions over the past century. The result of major land …

Elevations in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are anticipated to acidify oceans because
of fundamental changes in ocean chemistry created by CO2 absorption from the …

Most molluscs possess shells, constructed from a vast array of microstructures and
architectures. The fully formed shell is composed of calcite or aragonite. These CaCO3 …

Microplastics (MPs) pollution and salinity variation are two environmental stressors, but their
combined effects on marine mollusks are rarely known. Oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were …

Marine bivalves such as the hard shell clams Mercenaria mercenaria and eastern oysters
Crassostrea virginica are affected by multiple stressors, including fluctuations in temperature …