This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

The Earth System Model EC-Earth3 for contributions to CMIP6 is documented here, with its
flexible coupling framework, major model configurations, a methodology for ensuring the …

Several aspects of regional climate including near-surface temperature and precipitation are
predictable on interannual to decadal time scales. Despite indications that some climate …

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a crucial element of the Earth
climate. It is a complex circulation system difficult to monitor and to model. There is …

Decadal climate predictions are a relatively new source of climate information for
interannual to decadal time scales, which is of increasing interest for users. Forecast quality …

Antarctic sea ice prediction has garnered increasing attention in recent years, particularly in
the context of the recent record lows of February 2022 and 2023. As Antarctica becomes a …

Quantifying the net carbon flux from land use and land cover changes (f LULCC) is critical
for understanding the global carbon cycle and, hence, to support climate change mitigation …

The occurrence of extreme climate events in the coming years is modulated by both global
warming and internal climate variability. Anticipating changes in frequency and intensity of …

Abstract The Northwest Pacific (NWP) tropical cyclone (TC) activity exhibits significant
decadal variations with alternating active and inactive periods. However, it remains …

Abstract Marine Ecosystem Models (MEMs) are increasingly driven by Earth System Models
(ESMs) to better understand marine ecosystem dynamics, and to analyze the effects of …