Background Divergence time estimation is fundamental to understanding many aspects of
the evolution of organisms, such as character evolution, diversification, and biogeography …

Species residing across elevational gradients display adaptations in response to
environmental changes such as oxygen availability, ultraviolet radiation, and temperature …

In birds, the quadrate connects the mandible and skull, and plays an important role in cranial
kinesis. Avian quadrate morphology may therefore be assumed to have been influenced by …

This paper describes remains of fossil gray partridges from the Lower Pleistocene (1.8–1.5
Ma) deposits of the Taurida Cave in Central Crimea. The smaller gray partridge is referred to …

Hawks, eagles, and their relatives (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) are a diverse and
charismatic clade of modern birds, with many members that are instantly recognized by the …

Biodiversity can be boosted by colonization of new habitats such as remote islands and
separated continents. Molecular studies have suggested that recently evolved organisms …

Here, we describe a new genus of lice (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera) in the Oxylipeurus-
complex, parasitising galliform hosts in the genera Tragopan Cuvier, 1829. This genus …

Studies of evolution and biodiversity require solid understanding of species systematics
revealed by molecular phylogeny using multilocus genomic data. Multilocus analyses …

The evolutionary histories of different genomic regions typically differ from each other and
from the underlying species phylogeny. This makes species tree estimation challenging …

The Old-World quails, Coturnix coturnix (common quail) and Coturnix japonica (Japanese
quail), are morphologically similar yet occupy distinct geographic ranges. This study aimed …