Earth system models (ESMs) are our main tools for quantifying the physical state of the Earth
and predicting how it might change in the future under ongoing anthropogenic forcing. In …

Recent studies have started to explore coupled data assimilation (CDA) in coupled ocean–
atmosphere models because of the great potential of CDA to improve climate analysis and …

The ECMWF OCEAN5 system is a global ocean and sea-ice ensemble of reanalysis and
real-time analysis. This paper gives a full description of the OCEAN5 system, with the focus …

This article presents coupled data assimilation (DA) activities at the European Centre for
Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Coupled DA is an essential component of the …

Weather and climate variations on subseasonal to decadal time scales can have enormous
social, economic, and environmental impacts, making skillful predictions on these time …

With the increasing level of offshore wind energy investment, it is correspondingly important
to be able to accurately characterize the wind resource in terms of energy potential as well …

A new weakly coupled land data assimilation (WCLDA) system based on the four-
dimensional ensemble variational (4DEnVar) method is developed and applied to the fully …

Hydrological models have been used to understand the transportation of water quantity and
quality in drainage systems, and the stormwater management model (SWMM) is one of the …

In this study, the current Met Office operational land surface data assimilation system used to
produce soil moisture analyses is presented. The main aim of including Land Surface Data …

We evaluate the impact of adding two-way coupling between atmosphere and ocean to the
Met Office deterministic global forecast model. As part of preoperational testing of this …