Bacteria and their viruses have coevolved for billions of years. This ancient and still ongoing
arms race has led bacteria to develop a vast antiphage arsenal. The development of high …

Throughout their evolutionary history, bacteria have faced diverse threats from other
microorganisms, including competing bacteria, bacteriophages and predators. In response …

The ancient, ongoing coevolutionary battle between bacteria and their viruses,
bacteriophages, has given rise to sophisticated immune systems including restriction …

Bacterial anti-phage systems are frequently clustered in microbial genomes, forming
defense islands. This property enabled the recent discovery of multiple defense systems …

Growing evidence suggests that the gut microbiota modulates the efficacy and toxicity of
cancer therapy, most notably immunotherapy and its immune-related adverse effects. The …

Bacteria and archaea have developed multiple antiviral mechanisms, and genomic
evidence indicates that several of these antiviral systems co-occur in the same strain. Here …

We commonly acknowledge that bacterial viruses (phages) shape the composition and
evolution of bacterial communities in nature and therefore have important roles in ecosystem …

The cell-autonomous innate immune system enables animal cells to resist viral infection.
This system comprises an array of sensors that, after detecting viral molecules, activate the …

The cGAS–STING signalling pathway has emerged as a key mediator of inflammation in the
settings of infection, cellular stress and tissue damage. Underlying this broad involvement of …

Cells are equipped with numerous sensors that recognize nucleic acids, which probably
evolved for defence against viruses. Once triggered, these sensors stimulate the production …