Nature contributes substantially to human well-being through its diverse material and
nonmaterial contributions. However, despite the growing literature on the nonmaterial …

Highlights•The relational nature of valuation and the specific content of valuation are
distinguished.•As contents of valuation, instrumental and relational values are different with …

We are part of Nature, not separate from it. We rely on Nature to provide us with food, water
and shelter; regulate our climate and disease; maintain nutrient cycles and oxygen …

Relational values—as preferences, principles and virtues about human-nature relationships—
have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. The term has been used to include …

Mounting evidence demonstrates that nature exposure can have affective benefits. These
include behavioral and psychophysiological responses consistent with (a) decreases in …

A cornerstone of environmental policy is the debate over protecting nature for humans' sake
(instrumental values) or for nature's (intrinsic values)(1). We propose that focusing only on …

Cultural ecosystem services, such as aesthetic and recreational enjoyment, as well as sense
of place and local identity, play an outstanding role in the contribution of landscapes to …

The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly modified Earth's social-ecological systems in many
ways; here we study its impacts on human-nature interactions. We conducted an online …

Value orientations used to explain or justify conservation have been rooted in arguments
about how much and in what context to emphasize the intrinsic versus instrumental value of …

This paper explores spiritual and aesthetic cultural values associated with ecosystems. We
argue that these values are not best captured by instrumental or consequentialist thinking …