The CO 2 concentration of air has increased over the last two centuries and recently
surpassed 400 ppm. Carbon cycle models project CO 2 concentrations of 720 to 1000 ppm …

Latitudinal temperature gradients are a defining characteristic of the climate system. Using
thermometric indicators, including δ 18 O, plant and animal fossils, glycerol dialkyl glycerol …

A compilation of foraminiferal stable isotope measurements from southern high latitude
(SHL) deep-sea sites provides a novel perspective important for understanding Earth's …

A new 55 my global compilation of benthic foraminifera δ13C and δ18O for the middle to
Late Cretaceous shows that there was widespread formation of bottom waters with …

Oxygen isotopes of biogenic apatite have been widely used to reassess anomalous
temperatures inferred from oxygen isotope ratios of ancient biogenic calcite, more prone to …

Paleoclimate records of geologic time periods characterized by extreme global warmth such
as the mid-Cretaceous are important for a better understanding of the Earth's climate system …

Understanding the behavior of the global climate system during extremely warm periods is
one of the major themes of paleoclimatology. Proxy data demonstrate that the equator-to …

A large body of evidence suggests that there were extensive coastal mountains along the
East Asian margin during the Late Cretaceous. However, current knowledge of the paleo …

In 1879, Charles Darwin characterized the sudden and unexplained rise of angiosperms
during the Cretaceous as an “abominable mystery.” The diversification of this clade marked …

Seasonal variability in sea surface temperatures plays a fundamental role in climate
dynamics and species distribution. Seasonal bias can also severely compromise the …