The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

In various areas of the bio-medical, pharmacological and psychological research a multitude
of behavioural tests have been used to investigate the effects of environmental, genetic and …

The consumption of caffeine (an adenosine receptor antagonist) correlates inversely with
depression and memory deterioration, and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonists …

Evidence demonstrates that chronic caffeine exposure, primarily through consumption of
coffee or tea, leads to increased alertness and anxiety. Preclinical and clinical studies …

Coffee is a widely consumed beverage containing numerous biologically active constituents
predominantly belonging to the polyphenol and alkaloid classes. It has been established …

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common and debilitating psychiatric disorders.
Some of the motivational symptoms of depression, such anergia (lack of self-reported …

The principle functions of neuroinflammation are to limit tissue damage and promote tissue
repair in response to pathogens or injury. While neuroinflammation has utility …

Background: Sleep deprivation (SD) plagues modern society due to the professional
demands. It prevails in patients with mood and neuroinflammatory disorders. Although …

Trans-resveratrol is a phenolic compound enriched in polygonum cuspidatum and has
diverse biological activities. There is only limited information about the antidepressant-like …

Recent data gathered from both in vitro and in vivo models of Major Depressive Disorder
(MDD) have indicated that microglia play an active role in modifying some of the most …