Inflammation is considered to play a central role in a diverse range of disease outcomes
associated with exposure to various types of inhalable particulates. The initial mechanisms …

Cigarette smoke-induced animal models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease support
the protease-antiprotease hypothesis of emphysema, although which cells and proteases …

Worldwide over 1 million people die due to lung cancer each year. It is estimated that
cigarette smoking explains almost 90% of lung cancer risk in men and 70 to 80% in women …

Diabetes mellitus is associated with tuberculosis. A cohort of 42,116 clients aged 65 years or
more, enrolled at 18 Elderly Health Service centers in Hong Kong in 2000, were followed up …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a clan of proteins involved in identification and triggering
a suitable response against pathogenic attacks. As lung is steadily exposed to multiple …

Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are the key effector cells executing physiological tissue
repair leading to regeneration on the one hand, and pathological fibrogenesis leading to …

During the last decade, significant research has been focused on Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
in the pathogenesis of airway diseases. TLRs are pattern recognition receptors that play …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex chronic inflammatory disease
involving a wide variety of cells and inflammatory mediators. The most important etiological …

DNA adducts play a central role in chemical carcinogenesis. The analysis of formation and
repair of smoking‐related DNA adducts remains particularly challenging as both smokers …

Lung carcinogenesis is a complex process involving the acquisition of genetic mutations that
confer cancer development and the malignant phenotype, and is critically linked to …