Coastal erosion is occurring at a faster rate than in the past. The adverse impacts are not
negligible at environmental, economic, and socio-cultural levels. Hence, coastal protection …

In addition to their being vital components of mid-to high-latitude coastal ecosystems, salt
marshes contain 0.1% of global sequestered terrestrial carbon. Their sustainability is now …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

The sprawl of marine construction is one of the most extreme human modifications to global
seascapes. Nevertheless, its global extent remains largely unquantified compared to that on …

Coastal zones are fragile and complex dynamical systems that are increasingly under threat
from the combined effects of anthropogenic pressure and climate change. Using global …

Urbanization is leading to biodiversity loss through habitat homogenization. The smooth,
featureless surfaces of many marine urban structures support ecological communities, often …

Coastal risks are increasing from both development and climate change. Interest is growing
in the protective role that coastal nature-based measures (or green infrastructure), such as …

Coastal wetlands are sites of rapid carbon (C) sequestration and contain large soil C stocks.
Thus, there is increasing interest in those ecosystems as sites for anthropogenic …

Coastal wetland ecosystems are expected to migrate landwards in response to rising seas.
However, due to differences in topography and coastal urbanization, estuaries vary in their …

Protecting coastal communities has become increasingly important as their populations
grow, resulting in increased demand for engineered shore protection and hardening of over …