Sea ice growth and decay are critical processes in the Arctic climate system, but
comprehensive observations are very sparse. We analyzed data from 23 sea ice mass …

Repeated transects have become the backbone of spatially distributed ice and snow
thickness measurements crucial for understanding of ice mass balance. Here we detail the …

Information about sea ice surface topography and related deformation is crucial for studies
of sea ice mass balance, sea ice modeling, and ship navigation through the ice pack. The …

Sea ice is a key component of the Earth's climate system as it modulates the energy
exchanges and associated feedback processes at the air–sea interface in polar regions …

Central Arctic properties and processes are important to the regional and global coupled
climate system. The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate …

During the Arctic melt season, relatively fresh meltwater layers can accumulate under sea
ice as a result of snow and ice melt, far from terrestrial freshwater inputs. Such under-ice …

Leads and fractures in sea ice play a crucial role in the heat and gas exchange between the
ocean and atmosphere, impacting atmospheric, ecological, and oceanic processes. Our aim …

Arctic sea ice leads are linear fractures in pack ice, which provide narrow windows for the
enhanced exchange of mass, energy, and momentum between the atmosphere and ocean …

Arctic sea ice volume (SIV) is a key climate indicator and memory source in sea ice
predictions and projections, yet suffering from large observational and model uncertainty …

This study presents the first three-dimensional discrete element method simulations of
pressure ridge formation. Pressure ridges are an important feature of the sea-ice cover, as …