As blooms of cyanobacteria expand and intensify in freshwater systems globally, there is
increasing interest in their ecological effects. In addition to being public health hazards …

The interaction between predator and prey is an evolutionary arms race, for which early
detection by either party is often the key to success. In aquatic ecosystems, olfaction is an …

Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks
and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It …

Risk effects arise when prey alter their behavior in response to predators, and these
responses carry costs. Empirical studies have found that risk effects can be large …

Prey responses to high predation risk can be morphological or behavioural and ultimately
come at the cost of survival, growth, body condition, or reproduction. These sub‐lethal …

▪ Abstract Protective ant-plant interactions, important in both temperate and tropical
communities, are increasingly used to study a wide range of phenomena of general interest …

Wildlife populations are subjected to increasing pressure linked to human activities, which
introduce multiple stressors. Recently, in addition to direct effects, it has been shown that …

Inducible defences against predators evolve because they reduce the rate of direct
predation, but this benefit is offset by the cost (if any) of defence. If antipredator responses …

Fitness costs can explain the evolution and maintenance of induced resistance in plants.
However, the methods currently used to gather evidence for such costs do not allow …

Microbial pathogens attack every plant tissue, including leaves, roots, shoots, and flowers
during all growth stages. Thus, they cause several diseases resulting in a plant's failure or …