Macrophages play an important role in the innate and adaptive immune responses of organ
systems, including the lungs, to particles and pathogens. Cumulative results show that …

Antiviral drugs have traditionally been developed by directly targeting essential viral
components. However, this strategy often fails due to the rapid generation of drug-resistant …

The causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected millions and killed …

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection disrupts the
epithelial barrier and triggers airway inflammation. The envelope (E) protein, a core …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and NF-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway regulate many
cellular processes and are essential for immune cells function. Their activity is controlled by …

Inflammation, although necessary to fight infections, becomes a threat when it exceeds the
capability of the immune system to control it. In addition, inflammation is a cause and/or …

Emetine is a FDA-approved drug for the treatment of amebiasis. Previously we
demonstrated the antiviral efficacy of emetine against some RNA and DNA viruses. In this …

c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are among the most crucial mitogen-activated protein
kinases (MAPKs) and regulate various cellular processes, including cell proliferation …

Influenza-related acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening condition that results mostly
from uncontrolled replication of influenza virus (IV) and severe proinflammatory responses …

Since the spread of the deadly virus SARS-CoV-2 in late 2019, researchers have restlessly
sought to unravel how the virus enters the host cells. Some proteins on each side of the …