Parkinson disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that affects as many
as 1–2% of persons aged 60 years and older. With the aging of the population, the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is named in honor of James Parkinson, whose classic
monograph,“An Essay on the Shaking Palsy,” written in 1817, has provided an enduring …

The terms “on” and “off” were used by Marsden and his contemporaries over 40 years ago to
describe times when Parkinson's disease patients experienced good motor function (“on”) …

Levodopa-induced motor complications are a common source of disability for patients with
Parkinson's disease. Evidence suggests that motor complications are associated with non …

Levodopa and other dopaminergic medications drastically improve the motor symptoms and
quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease in the early stages of the disease …

Since its first introduction, levodopa has become the cornerstone for the treatment of
Parkinson's disease and remains the leading therapeutic choice for motor control therapy so …

This paper reviews the clinically relevant determinants of levodopa peripheral
pharmacokinetics and main observed changes in the levodopa concentration–effect …

Background: Subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) of patients with PD
allows reduction of antiparkinsonian medication but has only a mild direct effect on …

The seemingly unpredictable response to levodopa in patients with Parkinson's disease can
be understood as an interaction between several distinct pharmacological effects of …

Levodopa‐induced dyskinesias (LID) in Parkinson's disease (PD) may be classified into
three main categories:“On” dyskinesias, diphasic dyskinesias (DD), and “off” periods. The …