Research on inequality in punishment has a long and storied history, yet the overwhelming
focus has been on episodic disparity in isolated stages of criminal case processing (eg …

Background Police‐initiated pedestrian stops have been one of the most widely used crime
prevention tactics in modern policing. Proponents have long considered police stops to be …

Proactive policing, the strategic targeting of people or places to prevent crimes, is a well-
studied tactic that is ubiquitous in modern law enforcement. A 2017 National Academies of …

Beginning in the 1970s, the United States began an experiment in mass imprisonment.
Supporters argued that harsh punishments such as imprisonment reduce crime by deterring …

A third of US students are suspended over a K-12 school career. Suspended youth have
worse adult outcomes than nonsuspended students, but these outcomes could be due to …

Ample experimental evidence shows that the stigma of a prison record reduces employment
opportunities (Pager, 2007). Yet background checks today uncover a much broader range of …

Implementing police in schools is a common strategy for ensuring school safety, but it is
unknown whether, to what extent, and for whom the presence of police in schools affects …

Purpose The aim of the study was to examine the proximate mental health consequences of
stressful and emotionally charged interactions with police officers among a national sample …

A growing literature suggests that juvenile arrests perpetuate offending and increase the
likelihood of future arrests. The effect on subsequent arrests is generally regarded as a …

This chapter extracts a current account of the research on the labeling theory of crime.
Labeling theory argues that although deviant behavior may initially stem from various …