Cancer immunotherapy, mainly including immune checkpoints-targeted therapy and the
adoptive transfer of engineered immune cells, has revolutionized the oncology landscape as …

The treatment of cancer patients with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI)(anti-CTLA-4, anti-
PD-1, anti-PD-L1, combined therapy anti-PD-1/PD-L1 with anti-CTLA-4) has without doubt …

The term ferroptosis was put forward in 2012 and has been researched exponentially over
the past few years. Ferroptosis is an unconventional pattern of iron-dependent programmed …

Melanoma, a skin cancer associated with high mortality rates, is highly radio-and
chemotherapy resistant but can also be very immunogenic. These circumstances have led to …

Immune checkpoints are small molecules expressed by immune cells that play critical roles
in maintaining immune homeostasis. Targeting the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T …

Recent studies show that cancer cells are sometimes able to evade the host immunity in the
tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells can express high levels of immune inhibitory …

The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1)
immune checkpoints are negative regulators of T-cell immune function. Inhibition of these …

PD-L1 is an immunoinhibitory molecule that suppresses the activation of T cells, leading to
the progression of tumors. Overexpression of PD-L1 in cancers such as gastric cancer …

The resurgence of cancer immunotherapy stems from an improved understanding of the
tumor microenvironment. The PD-1/PD-L1 axis is of particular interest, in light of promising …

Purpose Programmed death-1 (PD-1), a coinhibitory immune signal receptor expressed in T
cells, binds to PD-1 ligand and regulates antitumor immunity. Nivolumab is an anti–PD-1 …