Aromatic amino acid deaminases are key enzymes mediating carbon flux from primary to
secondary metabolism in plants. Recent studies have uncovered a tyrosine ammonia-lyase …

The plant cuticle is an extracellular hydrophobic layer that covers the aerial epidermis of all
land plants, providing protection against desiccation and external environmental stresses …

Land plants evolved from charophytic algae, among which Charophyceae possess the most
complex body plans. We present the genome of Chara braunii; comparison of the genome to …

Flavonoids are by far the largest class of polyphenols with huge structural and functional
diversity. However, the mystery regarding the exact evolutionary pressures which lead to the …

The evolutionary features and molecular innovations that enabled plants to first colonize
land are not well understood. Here, insights are provided through our report of the genome …

Following first-generation and second-generation biofuels produced from food and non-food
crops, respectively, algal biomass has become an important feedstock for the production of …

Contents Summary 1428 I. The singularity of plant terrestrialization 1428 II. Adaptation vs
exaptation–what shaped the land plant toolkit? 1430 III. Trait mosaicism in (higher …

The battle between plants and microbes is evolutionarily ancient, highly complex, and often
co-dependent. A primary challenge for microbes is to breach the physical barrier of host cell …

The evolution of lignin biosynthesis was critical in the transition of plants from an aquatic to
an upright terrestrial lifestyle. Lignin is assembled by oxidative polymerization of two major …

Increasing industrialization and urbanization result in emission of pollutants in the
environment including toxic heavy metals, as cadmium and lead. Among the different heavy …