The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are core steps of
various energy conversion and storage systems. However, their sluggish reaction kinetics …

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is vital for clean and renewable energy technologies,
which require no fossil fuel but catalysts. Platinum (Pt) is the best‐known catalyst for ORR …

Iron–nitrogen–carbon (Fe N C) materials have emerged as a promising alternative to
platinum‐group metals for catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton …

Electrochemical supercapacitors process ultra–high power density and long lifetime, but the
relatively low energy density hinder the wide application. Therefore, supercapacitors with …

In recent years, dual‐atom catalysts (DACs) have attracted extensive attention, as an
extension of single‐atom catalysts (SACs). Compared with SACs, DACs have higher metal …

Exploring efficient non-precious metal oxygen electrocatalysts for oxygen
reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) is of great importance in electrochemical energy …

Since the discovery of N-doped carbon nanotubes as the first carbon-based metal-free
electrocatalyst (C-MFEC) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in 2009, C-MFECs have …

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is regarded as the rate-determining step in a fuel cell or a
metal–air battery because of the kinetically retarded four-electron process. Among the …

Metal-air batteries (MABs) and fuel cells (FCs) critically rely on electrocatalytic O 2 activation,
and O 2 reduction reaction (ORR), with noble metal-free materials. However, the inception of …

Heteroatom-doped carbon materials (HDCMs) have been widely studied as some of the
most prominent material candidates for use in a wide range of applications, such as …