As blockchain technology continues to advance, smart contracts, a core component, have
increasingly garnered widespread attention. Nevertheless, security concerns associated …

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is experiencing rapid developments in the era of Industry
4.0. However, the ever-increasing applications put forward higher requirements for …

In recent years, the development of IOTA, a new type of Distributed Ledger (DL) for internet
of things (IoT), has gained significant attention. IOTA DL offers key features like scalability …

The rapid development of Internet of things (IoT) and edge computing technologies has
brought forth numerous possibilities for the intelligent and digital future. The frequent …

For 6G-empowered IoT, blockchain is widely regarded as a fundamental technique for
addressing the security and privacy issues. Nonetheless, the current blockchains suffer from …

The exponential growth of IoT devices has led to the proposal of edge computing for data
processing. The decentralized nature of edge computing servers and IoT devices makes …

IOTA is a distributed ledger technology with a new structure called Tangle, which offers high
scalability, no fees, and near‐instant transfers for the internet‐of‐things (IoT) networks. The …

Blockchain is a decentralized and distributed digital ledger technology that has gained
significant attention and recognition in recent years. It holds great significance due to its …

The development of technologies such as big data and blockchain has brought convenience
to life, but at the same time, privacy and security issues are becoming more and more …

Single-chained blockchains are highly secure but cannot be scaled to larger IIoT (Internet of
Industrial Things) network scenarios due to storage costs, communication costs, verification …