The encoded biosynthesis of proteins provides the ultimate paradigm for high-fidelity
synthesis of long polymers of defined sequence and composition, but it is limited to …

Proteins carry out a wide variety of catalytic, regulatory, signalling and structural functions in
living systems. Following their assembly on ribosomes and throughout their lifetimes, most …

Over 500 natural and synthetic amino acids have been genetically encoded in the last two
decades. Incorporating these noncanonical amino acids into proteins enables many …

Over the past 16 years, genetic code expansion and reprogramming in living organisms has
been transformed by advances that leverage the unique properties of pyrrolysyl-tRNA …

The ubiquitin system has become synonymous with the modification of lysine residues.
However, the substrate scope and diversity of the conjugation machinery have been …

Site-specific protein modification is a widely-used biochemical tool. However, there are
many challenges associated with the development of protein modification techniques, in …

Protein semisynthesis—defined herein as the assembly of a protein from a combination of
synthetic and recombinant fragments—is a burgeoning field of chemical biology that has …

Limited understanding of human proteoforms with complex posttranslational modifications
and the underlying mechanisms poses a major obstacle to research on human health and …

In living systems, the chemical space and functional repertoire of proteins are dramatically
expanded through the post-translational modification (PTM) of various amino acid residues …

Summary E2-ubiquitin (Ub) conjugates are useful chemical biology tools for studying the E3
mechanisms, but so far, the reported systems have involved either no substrates or only …