The challenges of urbanization, land degradation, water scarcity, and climate change are
threatening agricultural systems and food security. Therefore, it is essential to manage land …

Reference Evapotranspiration (ET o) is one of the key components of the hydrological cycle
that is effective in water resources planning, irrigation and agricultural management and …

Water-saving through deficit irrigation management is a prominent approach to improving
water productivity (WP) in sustainable agriculture. However, it is not feasible to assess many …

Soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) strongly influences the chemical, physical, and
biological properties of soil. As the direct measurement of the CEC is difficult, costly, and …

Accurate estimation of wetting front dimensions in surface and sub-surface irrigation systems
is very important for optimal management of water resources as well as increasing the …

Specific power and droplet shear stress are generally considered to be the most critical
indicators of soil erosion in sprinkler irrigation, but there is controversy about which indicator …

Contamination issues especially heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are
currently considered as one of the most important and unsolved issues, which are directly …

The hilly terrain modifies the droplet landing positions in comparison to flat ground,
complicating the prediction of sprinkler water distribution on such uneven regions. Utilizing a …

Crop water stress index (CWSI) is a reliable, economic and non-destructive method of
monitoring the onset of water stress for irrigation scheduling purposes. Its application …

Wind drift and evaporation losses (WDEL), which can occur as a result of operational and
meteorological factors, are two of the most significant sprinkler-irrigation losses that can …